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Columbus, OH (43004)

Franklin County · Columbus, OH · Population 31,002

Fresh.Data current as of Apr 24, 2026

Columbus, OH (ZIP 43004) sits in Franklin County within the Columbus metro area. The page draws on 2 federal data feeds retrieved Apr 27. Top health signal: Health Insurance comes in below the national average at 7.4%. NCES lists 2 schools serving the area, 2 non-charter. 10 colleges and universities serve the area, with median in-state tuition of $36,353. IRS data shows average household income (AGI) of $93,837, well above the ~$45K national average per return. Federal QCEW filings show 779,560 covered jobs in this ZIP's primary county — a major regional employment hub. The CDC SVI flags racial & ethnic minority (63th percentile) as this ZIP's standout vulnerability dimension, sitting well above its overall 28th-percentile score. FEMA has issued 20 federal disaster declarations affecting this ZIP since 1974 — a high-frequency exposure profile. Fast-food restaurants outnumber grocery stores roughly 5-to-1 per capita (USDA Food Environment Atlas) — a "food swamp" pattern often linked to higher diet-related disease prevalence. IRS migration data (2022-2023) shows a net loss of 9,643 residents (2,379 households) — the ZIP's primary county is shrinking. Healthcare access is the area's quieter strength; school options sit on the lighter side, so families may find themselves looking at districts a few ZIPs over. Notable: median household income $100,493, fair market rent of $1,610 for a two-bedroom, and a typical home value of $347,242, down 0.2% over the past year. Every figure on this page links to its underlying federal dataset with a retrieval date so you can audit the freshness yourself.

Demographics

Population & age

Total population
31,002
Median age
34.7

Race & ethnicity

White
53.7%
Black
25.3%
Asian
10.1%
Hispanic / Latino
4.9%
Other / multi-racial
10.7%

Income & housing

Median household income
$100,493
Median home value
$270,200

Education

Bachelor's degree or higher (age 25+)
42.0%

Employment

Unemployment rate
3.0%

Housing

Owner-occupied
9,011(81.5%)
Renter-occupied
2,041(18.5%)
Vacant units
178
Built (median)
2004

Commute

Public transit
36(0.2%)
Work from home
2,592(16.1%)
Avg commute
20.2 min

Economic wellbeing

Below poverty line
1,819(5.9%)
Uninsured
190(0.6%)

Digital access

Broadband access
10,837(98.1%)
No broadband
215(1.9%)

Language & nativity

Foreign-born
5,455(17.6%)
Non-English at home
6,907(24.9%)

Fair Market Rent

Fresh.HUD SAFMR · May 1, 2026

Studio

$1,250

/month

1 Bed

$1,340

/month

2 Bed

$1,610

/month

3 Bed

$1,930

/month

4 Bed

$2,170

/month

HUD Fair Market Rents represent the 40th percentile of standard-quality rental housing in this area. FY2026 data.

Home values

Typical home value

$347,242

Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI) · as of March 2026

Year-over-year change

-0.2%

vs. March 2025

5-year change

+33.5%

vs. March 2021

Metro area

Columbus, OH

Metropolitan statistical area

Source: Zillow Research, ZHVI All Homes (SFR, Condo/Co-op) Time Series (zillow.com/research/data). Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI) is copyrighted by Zillow, Inc.

New housing construction

New housing units permitted

8,122

Across 2,266 permitted buildings. Total construction value: $1.56B.

Single-family

2,013

25% of total units

Multifamily (2+ unit)

6,109

75% of total units

Single-family value

$804.5M

construction value

Multifamily value

$759.7M

construction value

Apartment construction (5+ unit buildings) accounts for 73% of new units this year — the area is densifying, not just adding single-family stock.

Based on county-level data (2024).

Source: U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (census.gov/construction/bps). Public domain. BPS reports annual residential building permits from local permit-issuing jurisdictions, aggregated to county. A permit reflects intent to build, not a completed unit — actual construction lags by 6-24 months for multifamily projects.

Income & tax statistics

Tax returns filed

15,340

Average AGI

$93,837

Avg property tax

$808

EITC participation

15.1%

Income distribution

  • $1 – $25,00022.4% · 3,430
  • $25,000 – $50,00024.1% · 3,700
  • $50,000 – $75,00016.9% · 2,600
  • $75,000 – $100,00010.8% · 1,660
  • $100,000 – $200,00017.5% · 2,690
  • $200,000 or more8.2% · 1,260

Avg mortgage interest

$816

Avg charitable contribution

$1,127

Avg capital gains

$4,962

Avg total income tax

—

Source: IRS Statistics of Income — Individual Income Tax Statistics by ZIP Code (irs.gov). Public domain. Dollar columns reported in thousands by the IRS; figures here display real dollars. Total ZCTA AGI for the area was $1439.5M across all reported brackets.

Business & employment

Business establishments

278

Total employment

3,537

Annual payroll

$184.2M

Average annual pay

$52,076

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ZIP Business Patterns (census.gov). Public domain. ZBP covers establishments with paid employees; Census suppresses employment and payroll values when fewer employers operate in a ZIP than would protect their confidentiality.

Employment & wages

Average annual pay

$73,180

Average weekly wage

$1,407

Total employment

779,560

Total establishments

40,020

That is roughly 12% above the US national average of $65,470 per worker.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (bls.gov/cew). Public domain. QCEW is derived from state unemployment-insurance filings and covers ~95% of US jobs. Figures are county-level totals assigned to ZIPs whose primary county matches; small-employer cells are suppressed by BLS to protect employer confidentiality.

Unemployment

Unemployment rate

4.0%

That tracks the US national unemployment rate of about 4.0%.

Labor force

722,337

Employed

693,173

Unemployed

29,164

Based on Franklin County, OH data (2024).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics (bls.gov/lau). Public domain. LAUS publishes monthly and annual labor-force estimates for every US county. Figures are county-level totals assigned to ZIPs whose primary county matches.

Alternative-fuel stations

Public EV charging stations

1

Limited EV charging

A small number of public charging stations — viable for EV ownership with home charging, but minimal redundancy.

Level 2 ports

1

AC charging — workplace, retail, home

DC Fast ports

0

Highway-class fast charging

Charging networks

  • ChargePoint Network

Other

1

Biodiesel, E85, LNG, RD

Active public stations only. Snapshot taken 2026; AFDC's underlying registry refreshes continuously as stations open and close.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy via NREL (afdc.energy.gov). Per-ZIP counts of active public alternative-fuel stations (electric, hydrogen, propane, CNG, biodiesel, E85, LNG, renewable diesel) and EV charging-port totals.

Social Vulnerability Index

Overall SVI

28th percentile

Moderate Vulnerability

Based on 8 census tracts, population 27,947

Vulnerability Themes

  • Socioeconomic Status35th percentile
  • Household Characteristics46th percentile
  • Racial & Ethnic Minority Status63rd percentile
  • Housing Type & Transportation12th percentile

Households Without Vehicle

230

Limited English Speakers

1,433

Persons with Disability

2,042

Without HS Diploma

1,658

Without Health Insurance

1,218

Adults Age 65+

2,967

The Social Vulnerability Index uses U.S. Census data to identify communities most at risk during public health emergencies and natural disasters. Higher percentiles indicate greater vulnerability. Tract-level scores are aggregated to this ZCTA via Census 2020 ZCTA→Tract crosswalk, weighted by land-area share. Source: atsdr.cdc.gov. Public domain.

Federal Disaster Declarations

Federally Declared Disasters

20

Date Range

1974–2020

Most Recent Declaration

COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Biological — declared March 31, 2020 (DR-4507)

Incident period: January 20, 2020 – May 11, 2023

Top Incident Types

  • Severe Storm11 (55%)
  • Snowstorm3 (15%)
  • Biological2 (10%)
  • Tornado2 (10%)
  • Hurricane1 (5%)
  • Other1 (5%)

Individual Assistance

9

Direct help to disaster survivors

Households Program

5

Housing & temporary lodging support

Public Assistance

13

Repair of public facilities & roads

Hazard Mitigation

8

Funding to reduce future disaster risk

FEMA declares disasters at the county level; counts here include every federally declared disaster touching any county that overlaps this ZIP. Statewide declarations and pre-1964 records without county granularity are excluded. Program flags reflect which FEMA assistance categories were activated (Individual Assistance, Households, Public Assistance, Hazard Mitigation). Source: fema.gov/openfema. Public domain.

Air quality

Median daily AQI

53

Moderate
Good 151dModerate 211dUSG 4d

Peak AQI (2024)

118

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

Primary pollutant

PM2.5

245 days as main pollutant

Days measured

366

Based on Franklin County data (2024).

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Quality System (epa.gov). Public domain. Only counties with EPA AQS monitoring stations appear here (~30% of US counties); rural ZIPs whose primary county has no monitor will not show this section.

Community health profile

Years of potential life lost (per 100K)

9,722

That is roughly 1,522 years per 100,000 above the national county median (~8,200).

Premature death is the headline composite outcome CHR reports — age-adjusted, all-cause, before age 75.

Fair or poor health

18%

of adults self-report

Poor physical health days

4.3

avg per adult per month

Poor mental health days

5.8

avg per adult per month

Uninsured

8.2%

of residents under 65

Primary care MDs

102

per 100,000 residents

Preventable hospital stays

2,454

per 100K Medicare enrollees

Food environment (0-10)

7.9

10 = best access & security

Exercise access

95%

residents near a facility

Flu vaccinated

56%

of Medicare enrollees

Low birth weight (under 2,500 g) accounts for 9.2% of live births in this county — an early-life health input that downstream outcomes track against.

Based on Franklin data (2025 CHR release).

Source: County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute (countyhealthrankings.org). Annual release. Underlying source datasets vary by measure (CDC BRFSS, NCHS Vital Statistics, AHA, USDA Food Environment Atlas, and others). Figures are county-level and assigned to every ZIP whose primary county matches.

Food access

Food access status

Moderate food access challenges

24.4% of Franklin County, OH residents live more than 1 mile (urban) or 10 miles (rural) from the nearest supermarket.

Grocery stores

0.19

per 1,000 residents

Supercenters & clubs

0.03

per 1,000 residents

SNAP-authorized stores

0.78

accepting food benefits

Fast-food restaurants

0.92

per 1,000 residents

Among low-income residents, 6.5% are low-access — those without a supermarket within 1 mile (urban) or 10 miles (rural).

Per-1,000 figures show how many of each store type exist in Franklin County, OH for every 1,000 residents. Higher grocery and supercenter density usually means easier access to fresh food; higher convenience-store-only density (with low grocery rate) often signals a food swamp.

Source: USDA Economic Research Service, Food Environment Atlas (ers.usda.gov). County-level metrics fanned to ZIP via the primary county in the Census ZCTA-county relationship file. Variable years differ per family (stores ~2020, low-access ~2019).

Who’s moving in and out

Net migration (2022-2023)

▼−9,643 people

−2,379 households • −$781.0M net AGI flow

Moved in

37,647households

56,312 people • $2.3B AGI

Moved out

40,026households

65,955 people • $3.0B AGI

Where new residents came from

  1. Delaware County, OH — 2,935 households
  2. Fairfield County, OH — 1,989 households
  3. Licking County, OH — 1,693 households
  4. Cuyahoga County, OH — 1,018 households
  5. Montgomery County, OH — 702 households

Where departing residents went

  1. Delaware County, OH — 4,215 households
  2. Fairfield County, OH — 2,715 households
  3. Licking County, OH — 2,067 households
  4. Union County, OH — 1,015 households
  5. Pickaway County, OH — 961 households

Incoming households reported an average AGI of $59,874 versus departing households' $75,829.

Source: U.S. Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income, Migration Data (irs.gov). Public domain. Migration is measured by year-over-year changes in the address on individual tax returns; figures are county-level totals attributed to ZIPs whose primary county matches. Foreign migration contributes to inflow/outflow totals but does not appear in the top-county lists. Small flows are suppressed by IRS to protect taxpayer confidentiality.

Data sources used on this page

SourcesFresh.CDC PLACES · Apr 24, 2026Fresh.NCES CCD via Urban Institute EDP · Apr 27, 2026Fresh.HUD SAFMR · May 1, 2026

Health profile

Crude prevalence estimates from CDC PLACES, derived from BRFSS small-area modeling. Population-level figures only.

Schools in this ZIP

2 schools serve this ZIP, including 2 non-charter.

All 2 schools serving this ZIP
SchoolTypeGradesEnrollment
West Elementary SchoolPublic1–4855
Blacklick Elementary SchoolPublic0–5562

Schools listed from NCES Common Core of Data via the Urban Institute Education Data Portal.

Fresh.NCES CCD via Urban Institute EDP · Apr 27, 2026

Colleges & universities nearby

Colleges in this area

10

Median in-state tuition

$36,353

Median earnings (10 yr)

$51,434

  • 4-Year
    In-state tuition
    $9,488
    Out-of-state tuition
    $36,266
    Acceptance rate
    —
    Graduation rate
    30.0%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $60,409
    Median student debt
    $19,976

  • Denison University

    Granville, OH · 43023

    4-Year
    In-state tuition
    $67,000
    Out-of-state tuition
    $67,000
    Acceptance rate
    17.4%
    Graduation rate
    79.5%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $67,753
    Median student debt
    $26,000

  • Otterbein University

    Westerville, OH · 43081

    4-Year
    In-state tuition
    $35,548
    Out-of-state tuition
    $35,548
    Acceptance rate
    84.5%
    Graduation rate
    68.4%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $53,313
    Median student debt
    $26,000
  • 4-Year
    In-state tuition
    $5,256
    Out-of-state tuition
    $8,016
    Acceptance rate
    —
    Graduation rate
    27.3%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $39,168
    Median student debt
    $12,072

  • Kenyon College

    Gambier, OH · 43022

    4-Year
    In-state tuition
    $71,520
    Out-of-state tuition
    $71,520
    Acceptance rate
    31.0%
    Graduation rate
    84.4%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $71,830
    Median student debt
    $18,527

  • Ohio Wesleyan University

    Delaware, OH · 43015

    4-Year
    In-state tuition
    $53,888
    Out-of-state tuition
    $53,888
    Acceptance rate
    55.6%
    Graduation rate
    60.2%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $55,624
    Median student debt
    $27,000

  • Mount Vernon Nazarene University

    Mount Vernon, OH · 43050

    4-Year
    In-state tuition
    $37,158
    Out-of-state tuition
    $37,158
    Acceptance rate
    84.2%
    Graduation rate
    66.0%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $49,555
    Median student debt
    $25,000

  • Fortis College-Columbus

    Westerville, OH · 43081

    2-Year
    In-state tuition
    $14,935
    Out-of-state tuition
    $14,935
    Acceptance rate
    —
    Graduation rate
    35.3%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $36,368
    Median student debt
    $12,547
  • In-state tuition
    —
    Out-of-state tuition
    —
    Acceptance rate
    —
    Graduation rate
    83.0%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $38,002
    Median student debt
    $6,500

  • Knox County Career Center

    Mount Vernon, OH · 43050

    Certificate
    In-state tuition
    —
    Out-of-state tuition
    —
    Acceptance rate
    —
    Graduation rate
    —
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $38,212
    Median student debt
    $9,500

Source: U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard (collegescorecard.ed.gov). Public domain data. Earnings figures reflect median earnings 10 years after entry for federally-aided students.

What these numbers say together

Columbus, OH (ZIP 43004) sits in Franklin County within the Columbus metro area. The page draws on 2 federal data feeds retrieved Apr 27. Top health signal: Health Insurance comes in below the national average at 7.4%. NCES lists 2 schools serving the area, 2 non-charter. 10 colleges and universities serve the area, with median in-state tuition of $36,353. IRS data shows average household income (AGI) of $93,837, well above the ~$45K national average per return. Federal QCEW filings show 779,560 covered jobs in this ZIP's primary county — a major regional employment hub. The CDC SVI flags racial & ethnic minority (63th percentile) as this ZIP's standout vulnerability dimension, sitting well above its overall 28th-percentile score. FEMA has issued 20 federal disaster declarations affecting this ZIP since 1974 — a high-frequency exposure profile. Fast-food restaurants outnumber grocery stores roughly 5-to-1 per capita (USDA Food Environment Atlas) — a "food swamp" pattern often linked to higher diet-related disease prevalence. IRS migration data (2022-2023) shows a net loss of 9,643 residents (2,379 households) — the ZIP's primary county is shrinking. Healthcare access is the area's quieter strength; school options sit on the lighter side, so families may find themselves looking at districts a few ZIPs over. Notable: median household income $100,493, fair market rent of $1,610 for a two-bedroom, and a typical home value of $347,242, down 0.2% over the past year. Every figure on this page links to its underlying federal dataset with a retrieval date so you can audit the freshness yourself.

The two domains pull in different directions. Healthcare access reads strong, but the on-paper school count is on the lighter side — that’s less a quality signal and more a density one. Households here often look at districts a few ZIPs over for school choice while keeping their providers local.

One concrete reading worth keeping: Depression prevalence sits higher the national rate at 24.6%. Each figure on this page links to the original federal dataset with its retrieval date — this synthesis is a reading, not a substitute for the underlying records.

Frequently Asked Questions — ZIP 43004

What is the obesity rate in ZIP 43004?

31.9%, which is 1.1 percentage points below the national average of 33.0% (CDC PLACES, retrieved Apr 24, 2026).

What is the depression rate in ZIP 43004?

24.6%, which is 2.6 percentage points above the national average of 22.0% (CDC PLACES, retrieved Apr 24, 2026).

What is the high blood pressure rate in ZIP 43004?

30.6%, which is 1.4 percentage points below the national average of 32.0% (CDC PLACES, retrieved Apr 24, 2026).

How many schools are in ZIP 43004?

2 schools serve this ZIP, including 2 public schools (NCES CCD, retrieved Apr 27, 2026). No charter schools are listed in this ZIP by NCES CCD.

Does ZIP 43004 have charter schools?

No charter schools are listed in ZIP 43004 by NCES CCD (retrieved Apr 27, 2026).

Are there high schools in ZIP 43004?

No high schools are listed in this ZIP by NCES CCD (retrieved Apr 27, 2026).

What is the population of ZIP 43004?

31,002 people live in ZIP 43004, with a median age of 34.7 (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

What is the median household income in ZIP 43004?

$100,493 per year (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

Is ZIP 43004 mostly renters or homeowners?

In ZIP 43004, 81.5% of occupied housing units are owner-occupied and 18.5% are renter-occupied (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

How do people commute in ZIP 43004?

In ZIP 43004, 16.1% of workers work from home. Public transit is used by 0.2% of commuters (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

What is the poverty rate in ZIP 43004?

5.9% of the population in ZIP 43004 lives below the federal poverty line (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

What percentage of households in ZIP 43004 have broadband internet?

98.1% of households in ZIP 43004 have broadband internet access (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

What is the typical home value in ZIP 43004?

The typical home value in ZIP 43004 is $347,242, down 0.2% from a year ago (Zillow Home Value Index, retrieved May 1, 2026).

Are home values rising or falling in ZIP 43004?

Home values are down 0.2% over the past year and up 33.5% over the past five years (Zillow Home Value Index, retrieved May 1, 2026).

What is the average household income in ZIP 43004?

The average Adjusted Gross Income reported on tax returns from ZIP 43004 (Columbus, OH) is $93,837 per return (IRS SOI Tax Year 2022, retrieved May 2, 2026).

How much do homeowners pay in property tax in ZIP 43004?

Tax returns from ZIP 43004 report an average of $808 per return in real-estate tax deductions (IRS SOI Tax Year 2022, retrieved May 2, 2026).

What percentage of residents in ZIP 43004 earn over $200,000?

8.2% of tax returns from ZIP 43004 (Columbus, OH) report Adjusted Gross Income of $200,000 or more (IRS SOI Tax Year 2022, retrieved May 2, 2026).

How many businesses are in ZIP 43004?

As of 2022, 278 business establishments operated in ZIP 43004 employing 3,537 workers (Census ZIP Business Patterns, retrieved May 3, 2026).

What is the average salary in ZIP 43004?

The average annual pay across all local establishments in ZIP 43004 is $52,076, based on Census ZIP Business Patterns 2022 data (retrieved May 3, 2026).

How vulnerable is ZIP 43004 to disasters and public health emergencies?

According to the CDC Social Vulnerability Index (2022), ZIP 43004 ranks in the 28th percentile nationally for social vulnerability — a moderate vulnerability profile (retrieved May 3, 2026).

What is the biggest vulnerability factor in ZIP 43004?

Racial & Ethnic Minority Status is the highest-scoring CDC SVI theme for ZIP 43004, ranking in the 63th percentile nationally (CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022, retrieved May 3, 2026).

How many federally declared disasters has ZIP 43004 experienced?

FEMA has recorded 20 federal disaster declarations affecting ZIP 43004 between 1974–2020 (FEMA OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations, retrieved May 3, 2026).

What kinds of disasters most often hit ZIP 43004?

Severe Storm is the most common federally declared disaster type affecting ZIP 43004, accounting for 11 of 20 declarations (55%, FEMA OpenFEMA, retrieved May 3, 2026).

What was the most recent disaster declared for ZIP 43004?

The most recent FEMA disaster declaration affecting ZIP 43004 was "COVID-19 PANDEMIC" — a biological declared in 2020 (DR-4507) (FEMA OpenFEMA, retrieved May 3, 2026).

What colleges are near ZIP 43004?

10 colleges and universities are listed near ZIP 43004 by the U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard, including Ohio State University-Newark Campus, Denison University, and Otterbein University (retrieved May 2, 2026).

What is the average tuition at colleges near ZIP 43004?

Median in-state tuition across 10 nearby institutions is $36,353 (College Scorecard, retrieved May 2, 2026).

What do graduates earn from colleges near ZIP 43004?

Graduates of nearby colleges earn a median of $51,434 ten years after entry (College Scorecard, retrieved May 2, 2026).

What data is available for ZIP 43004?

This page covers health outcomes from CDC PLACES (40 metrics), school information from NCES CCD (2 schools), demographics from the Census ACS 5-Year (2022), home values from the Zillow Home Value Index, colleges from the U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard (10 institutions), income & tax statistics from the IRS SOI (Tax Year 2022), local business & employment from Census ZIP Business Patterns (2022), social vulnerability scores from the CDC/ATSDR SVI (2022), and federal disaster declarations from FEMA OpenFEMA (20 on record). Data is refreshed on Mubboo's standard schedule.

How current is this data?

Health data retrieved Apr 24, 2026 from CDC PLACES. School data retrieved Apr 27, 2026 from NCES CCD. Demographics retrieved Apr 30, 2026 from Census ACS 5-Year (2022). Home values retrieved May 1, 2026 from Zillow Research. College data retrieved May 2, 2026 from U.S. Dept of Education College Scorecard. Income & tax statistics retrieved May 2, 2026 from IRS SOI (Tax Year 2022). Business & employment retrieved May 3, 2026 from Census ZBP (2022). Social vulnerability scores retrieved May 3, 2026 from CDC/ATSDR SVI (2022). Federal disaster declarations retrieved May 3, 2026 from FEMA OpenFEMA (20 on record).

More Info topics

Nearby ZIPs: more ZIP code profiles launching Q3 2026.

Have a specific question about ZIP 43004?

Ask Mubboo — launching Q4 2026.

By Mubboo Editorial Team

Last reviewed Apr 24, 2026

Data sources

This page observes HIPAA and FERPA by surfacing only aggregate, de-identified federal datasets. Individual records are never displayed.

Mubboo may earn commissions from partner links. This does not affect our editorial independence.

Data refreshed via Mubboo's ETL pipeline; oldest source on this page retrieved Apr 24, 2026.