Flagstaff, AZ (86005)

Coconino County · Flagstaff, AZ · Population 16,703

Fresh.Data current as of Apr 24, 2026

Flagstaff, AZ (ZIP 86005) sits in Coconino County within the Flagstaff metro area. The page draws on 2 federal data feeds retrieved Apr 27. Top health signal: Obesity comes in below the national average at 22.1%. NCES lists 3 schools serving the area, 3 non-charter. 4 colleges and universities serve the area, with median in-state tuition of $5,444. FEMA has issued 24 federal disaster declarations affecting this ZIP since 1970 — a high-frequency exposure profile. County Health Rankings reports 11,546 years of potential life lost per 100,000 (2025) — well above the national county median. 32.5% of residents in this county are flagged low-access by USDA's 2025 Food Environment Atlas — a notable supermarket-access gap. IRS migration data (2022-2023) shows a net loss of 1,666 residents (799 households) — the ZIP's primary county is shrinking. Healthcare access is the area's quieter strength; school options sit on the lighter side, so families may find themselves looking at districts a few ZIPs over. Notable: median household income $73,086, fair market rent of $1,940 for a two-bedroom, and a typical home value of $726,890, up 0.7% over the past year. Every figure on this page links to its underlying federal dataset with a retrieval date so you can audit the freshness yourself.

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Demographics

Population & age

Total population
16,703
Median age
34.2

Race & ethnicity

White
73.4%
Black
4.0%
Asian
2.7%
Hispanic / Latino
15.5%
Other / multi-racial
12.7%

Income & housing

Median household income
$73,086
Median home value
$516,200

Education

Bachelor's degree or higher (age 25+)
58.6%

Employment

Unemployment rate
5.5%

Housing

Owner-occupied
3,975(58.1%)
Renter-occupied
2,871(41.9%)
Vacant units
2,106
Built (median)
1995

Commute

Public transit
172(2.1%)
Work from home
1,007(12.1%)
Avg commute
19.6 min

Economic wellbeing

Below poverty line
1,828(10.9%)
Uninsured
487(2.9%)

Digital access

Broadband access
6,077(88.8%)
No broadband
769(11.2%)

Language & nativity

Foreign-born
540(3.2%)
Non-English at home
1,542(9.8%)

Studio

$1,610

/month

1 Bed

$1,740

/month

2 Bed

$1,940

/month

3 Bed

$2,370

/month

4 Bed

$2,590

/month

HUD Fair Market Rents represent the 40th percentile of standard-quality rental housing in this area. FY2026 data.

See national housing trends →

Home values

Typical home value

$726,890

Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI) · as of March 2026

Year-over-year change

+0.7%

vs. March 2025

5-year change

+47.3%

vs. March 2021

Metro area

Flagstaff, AZ

Metropolitan statistical area

Source: Zillow Research, ZHVI All Homes (SFR, Condo/Co-op) Time Series (zillow.com/research/data). Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI) is copyrighted by Zillow, Inc.

New housing construction

New housing units permitted

703

Across 358 permitted buildings. Total construction value: $202.3M.

Single-family

331

47% of total units

Multifamily (2+ unit)

372

53% of total units

Single-family value

$155.4M

construction value

Multifamily value

$47.0M

construction value

Apartment construction (5+ unit buildings) accounts for 50% of new units this year — the area is densifying, not just adding single-family stock.

Based on county-level data (2024).

Source: U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (census.gov/construction/bps). Public domain. BPS reports annual residential building permits from local permit-issuing jurisdictions, aggregated to county. A permit reflects intent to build, not a completed unit — actual construction lags by 6-24 months for multifamily projects.

Business & employment

Business establishments

165

Total employment

1,095

Annual payroll

$57.3M

Average annual pay

$52,371

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ZIP Business Patterns (census.gov). Public domain. ZBP covers establishments with paid employees; Census suppresses employment and payroll values when fewer employers operate in a ZIP than would protect their confidentiality.

Employment & wages

Average annual pay

$54,494

Average weekly wage

$1,048

Total employment

65,975

Total establishments

4,121

That is roughly 17% below the US national average of $65,470 per worker.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (bls.gov/cew). Public domain. QCEW is derived from state unemployment-insurance filings and covers ~95% of US jobs. Figures are county-level totals assigned to ZIPs whose primary county matches; small-employer cells are suppressed by BLS to protect employer confidentiality.

Unemployment

Unemployment rate

3.9%

That tracks the US national unemployment rate of about 4.0%.

Labor force

75,759

Employed

72,839

Unemployed

2,920

Based on Coconino County, AZ data (2024).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics (bls.gov/lau). Public domain. LAUS publishes monthly and annual labor-force estimates for every US county. Figures are county-level totals assigned to ZIPs whose primary county matches.

Public transit

FTA tracks transit service at the urbanized-area level. Numbers below reflect the agencies and modes serving the area that contains this ZIP, not stop-level coverage.

Service status

Available

Flagstaff, AZ

Reporting agencies

1

Largest: Northern Arizona Intergovernmental Public Transportation Authority

Annual ridership

unlinked trips · 2024

Source: U.S. Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (transit.dot.gov). Public domain.

See national economy & jobs trends →

Alternative-fuel stations

Public EV charging stations

2

Limited EV charging

A small number of public charging stations — viable for EV ownership with home charging, but minimal redundancy.

Level 2 ports

4

AC charging — workplace, retail, home

DC Fast ports

0

Highway-class fast charging

Charging networks

  • ChargePoint Network

Active public stations only. Snapshot taken 2026; AFDC's underlying registry refreshes continuously as stations open and close.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy via NREL (afdc.energy.gov). Per-ZIP counts of active public alternative-fuel stations (electric, hydrogen, propane, CNG, biodiesel, E85, LNG, renewable diesel) and EV charging-port totals.

Social Vulnerability Index

Overall SVI

35th percentile

Moderate Vulnerability

Based on 6 census tracts, population 15,916

Vulnerability Themes

  • Socioeconomic Status43rd percentile
  • Household Characteristics16th percentile
  • Racial & Ethnic Minority Status50th percentile
  • Housing Type & Transportation48th percentile

Households Without Vehicle

251

Limited English Speakers

83

Persons with Disability

1,415

Without HS Diploma

374

Without Health Insurance

1,276

Adults Age 65+

2,113

The Social Vulnerability Index uses U.S. Census data to identify communities most at risk during public health emergencies and natural disasters. Higher percentiles indicate greater vulnerability. Tract-level scores are aggregated to this ZCTA via Census 2020 ZCTA→Tract crosswalk, weighted by land-area share. Source: atsdr.cdc.gov. Public domain.

Federal Disaster Declarations

Federally Declared Disasters

24

Date Range

1970–2022

Most Recent Declaration

PIPELINE FIRE

Fire — declared June 12, 2022 (DR-5441)

Incident period: June 12, 2022 – June 24, 2022

Top Incident Types

  • Fire11 (46%)
  • Flood5 (21%)
  • Severe Storm4 (17%)
  • Biological2 (8%)
  • Hurricane1 (4%)
  • Other1 (4%)

Individual Assistance

4

Direct help to disaster survivors

Households Program

1

Housing & temporary lodging support

Public Assistance

23

Repair of public facilities & roads

Hazard Mitigation

9

Funding to reduce future disaster risk

FEMA declares disasters at the county level; counts here include every federally declared disaster touching any county that overlaps this ZIP. Statewide declarations and pre-1964 records without county granularity are excluded. Program flags reflect which FEMA assistance categories were activated (Individual Assistance, Households, Public Assistance, Hazard Mitigation). Source: fema.gov/openfema. Public domain.

Climate

30-year averages (1991-2020) from the nearest GHCN-D weather station. Temperature and precipitation values reflect typical annual conditions, not any single year.

Avg. temperature

46.8°F

31.9°61.8°

Annual precipitation

20.5"

Annual snowfall

90.1"

Heating · cooling days

6,745.8 · 144.6

Annual base 65°F

Nearest station: FLAGSTAFF PULLIAM AP, AZ US, 4.7 miles from the centroid of Flagstaff, AZ (ZIP 86005)

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 1991–2020 U.S. Climate Normals (ncei.noaa.gov). Public domain.

See national environment & climate trends →

Air quality

Median daily AQI

46

Good
Good 250dModerate 111dUSG 5d

Peak AQI (2024)

136

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

Primary pollutant

Ozone

356 days as main pollutant

Days measured

366

Based on Coconino County data (2024).

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Quality System (epa.gov). Public domain. Only counties with EPA AQS monitoring stations appear here (~30% of US counties); rural ZIPs whose primary county has no monitor will not show this section.

Community health profile

Years of potential life lost (per 100K)

11,546

That is roughly 3,346 years per 100,000 above the national county median (~8,200).

Premature death is the headline composite outcome CHR reports — age-adjusted, all-cause, before age 75.

Fair or poor health

18%

of adults self-report

Poor physical health days

4.6

avg per adult per month

Poor mental health days

6.1

avg per adult per month

Uninsured

13.8%

of residents under 65

Primary care MDs

82

per 100,000 residents

Preventable hospital stays

1,696

per 100K Medicare enrollees

Food environment (0-10)

7.0

10 = best access & security

Exercise access

83%

residents near a facility

Flu vaccinated

44%

of Medicare enrollees

Low birth weight (under 2,500 g) accounts for 8.0% of live births in this county — an early-life health input that downstream outcomes track against.

Based on Coconino data (2025 CHR release).

Source: County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute (countyhealthrankings.org). Annual release. Underlying source datasets vary by measure (CDC BRFSS, NCHS Vital Statistics, AHA, USDA Food Environment Atlas, and others). Figures are county-level and assigned to every ZIP whose primary county matches.

Food access

Food access status

Significant food access concerns

32.5% of Coconino County, AZ residents live more than 1 mile (urban) or 10 miles (rural) from the nearest supermarket.

Grocery stores

0.13

per 1,000 residents

Supercenters & clubs

0.04

per 1,000 residents

SNAP-authorized stores

0.71

accepting food benefits

Fast-food restaurants

0.93

per 1,000 residents

Among low-income residents, 13.3% are low-access — those without a supermarket within 1 mile (urban) or 10 miles (rural).

Per-1,000 figures show how many of each store type exist in Coconino County, AZ for every 1,000 residents. Higher grocery and supercenter density usually means easier access to fresh food; higher convenience-store-only density (with low grocery rate) often signals a food swamp.

Source: USDA Economic Research Service, Food Environment Atlas (ers.usda.gov). County-level metrics fanned to ZIP via the primary county in the Census ZCTA-county relationship file. Variable years differ per family (stores ~2020, low-access ~2019).

Who’s moving in and out

Net migration (2022-2023)

−1,666 people

−799 households−$68.2M net AGI flow

Moved in

6,605households

9,803 people • $411.6M AGI

Moved out

7,404households

11,469 people • $479.8M AGI

Where new residents came from

  1. Maricopa County, AZ1,297 households
  2. Yavapai County, AZ344 households
  3. Navajo County, AZ193 households
  4. Pima County, AZ156 households
  5. Mohave County, AZ92 households

Where departing residents went

  1. Maricopa County, AZ1,541 households
  2. Yavapai County, AZ427 households
  3. Pima County, AZ257 households
  4. Navajo County, AZ199 households
  5. Mohave County, AZ92 households

Incoming households reported an average AGI of $62,315 versus departing households' $64,798.

Source: U.S. Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income, Migration Data (irs.gov). Public domain. Migration is measured by year-over-year changes in the address on individual tax returns; figures are county-level totals attributed to ZIPs whose primary county matches. Foreign migration contributes to inflow/outflow totals but does not appear in the top-county lists. Small flows are suppressed by IRS to protect taxpayer confidentiality.

Taxes & benefits in Arizona

State-level rules that apply to every resident of ZIP 86005. Numbers reflect the most recent published year per source.

Tax rates

Income tax

Yes

graduated

Sales tax (combined)

8.52%

State 5.60% · avg local 2.92%

Property tax (effective)

0.65%

Median $1,281/year

Tax burden rank

18 of 50

9.40% of personal income

For ZIP 86005: Applied to this ZIP's typical home value of $726,890, that works out to roughly $4,758/year in property tax.

Paid family leave

Program

No program

No program

Safety net

SNAP eligibility

185% FPL

Broad-Based Categorical Eligibility (raises gross income limit above federal 130% floor). No asset test.

Sources: Tax Foundation (state tax rates & brackets), Bipartisan Policy Center (paid family leave), USDA FNS (SNAP categorical eligibility).

Other ZIPs near 86005

Nearby ZIPs by distance

86011 (Flagstaff, 7.3 mi) · 86017 (Munds Park, 10.7 mi) · 86038 (Mormon Lake, 14.3 mi) · 86015 (Bellemont, 14.4 mi) · 86336 (Oak Creek Canyon, 19.8 mi) · 86001 (Fort Valley, 20.5 mi)

Compare ZIP-level stats — population, schools, housing, climate — across nearby areas. Source: U.S. Census Bureau ZCTA basemap.

Data sources used on this page

All data on this page is sourced from federal government datasets · Not AI-generated · Methodology

Health profile

Crude prevalence estimates from CDC PLACES, derived from BRFSS small-area modeling. Population-level figures only.

Schools in this ZIP

3 schools serve this ZIP, including 3 non-charter.

All 3 schools serving this ZIP
SchoolTypeGradesEnrollment
Manuel DeMiguel Elementary SchoolPublic-1–5551
Mountain SchoolPublic0–6189
CAVIAT - CCC Central CampusVocational9–127

Schools listed from NCES Common Core of Data via the Urban Institute Education Data Portal.

Fresh.NCES CCD via Urban Institute EDP · Apr 27, 2026

Colleges & universities nearby

Colleges in this area

4

Median in-state tuition

$5,444

Median earnings (10 yr)

$40,420

  • Coconino Community College

    Flagstaff, AZ · 86005

    2-Year
    In-state tuition
    $2,907
    Out-of-state tuition
    $9,987
    Acceptance rate
    Graduation rate
    23.4%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $40,420
    Median student debt
    $10,250
  • Northern Arizona University

    Flagstaff, AZ · 86011

    4-Year
    In-state tuition
    $13,009
    Out-of-state tuition
    $29,881
    Acceptance rate
    89.6%
    Graduation rate
    59.0%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $54,384
    Median student debt
    $19,000
  • Northland Pioneer College

    Holbrook, AZ · 86025

    4-Year
    In-state tuition
    $2,232
    Out-of-state tuition
    $10,320
    Acceptance rate
    Graduation rate
    21.9%
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    $34,199
    Median student debt
  • Indian Bible College

    Flagstaff, AZ · 86004

    4-Year
    In-state tuition
    $7,980
    Out-of-state tuition
    $7,980
    Acceptance rate
    Graduation rate
    Median earnings (10 yr)
    Median student debt

Source: U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard (collegescorecard.ed.gov). Public domain data. Earnings figures reflect median earnings 10 years after entry for federally-aided students.

What these numbers say together

Flagstaff, AZ (ZIP 86005) sits in Coconino County within the Flagstaff metro area. The page draws on 2 federal data feeds retrieved Apr 27. Top health signal: Obesity comes in below the national average at 22.1%. NCES lists 3 schools serving the area, 3 non-charter. 4 colleges and universities serve the area, with median in-state tuition of $5,444. FEMA has issued 24 federal disaster declarations affecting this ZIP since 1970 — a high-frequency exposure profile. County Health Rankings reports 11,546 years of potential life lost per 100,000 (2025) — well above the national county median. 32.5% of residents in this county are flagged low-access by USDA's 2025 Food Environment Atlas — a notable supermarket-access gap. IRS migration data (2022-2023) shows a net loss of 1,666 residents (799 households) — the ZIP's primary county is shrinking. Healthcare access is the area's quieter strength; school options sit on the lighter side, so families may find themselves looking at districts a few ZIPs over. Notable: median household income $73,086, fair market rent of $1,940 for a two-bedroom, and a typical home value of $726,890, up 0.7% over the past year. Every figure on this page links to its underlying federal dataset with a retrieval date so you can audit the freshness yourself.

The two domains pull in different directions. Healthcare access reads strong, but the on-paper school count is on the lighter side — that’s less a quality signal and more a density one. Households here often look at districts a few ZIPs over for school choice while keeping their providers local.

One concrete reading worth keeping: Depression prevalence sits near the national rate at 22.1%. Each figure on this page links to the original federal dataset with its retrieval date — this synthesis is a reading, not a substitute for the underlying records.

Frequently Asked Questions — ZIP 86005

What is the obesity rate in ZIP 86005?

22.1%, which is 10.9 percentage points below the national average of 33.0% (CDC PLACES, retrieved Apr 24, 2026).

What is the depression rate in ZIP 86005?

22.1%, which is 0.1 percentage points above the national average of 22.0% (CDC PLACES, retrieved Apr 24, 2026).

What is the high blood pressure rate in ZIP 86005?

24.4%, which is 7.6 percentage points below the national average of 32.0% (CDC PLACES, retrieved Apr 24, 2026).

How many schools are in ZIP 86005?

3 schools serve this ZIP, including 3 public schools (NCES CCD, retrieved Apr 27, 2026). No charter schools are listed in this ZIP by NCES CCD.

Does ZIP 86005 have charter schools?

No charter schools are listed in ZIP 86005 by NCES CCD (retrieved Apr 27, 2026).

Are there high schools in ZIP 86005?

Yes, 1 high school serves this ZIP: Caviat - Ccc Central Campus. (NCES CCD, retrieved Apr 27, 2026).

What is the population of ZIP 86005?

16,703 people live in ZIP 86005, with a median age of 34.2 (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

What is the median household income in ZIP 86005?

$73,086 per year (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

Is ZIP 86005 mostly renters or homeowners?

In ZIP 86005, 58.1% of occupied housing units are owner-occupied and 41.9% are renter-occupied (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

How do people commute in ZIP 86005?

In ZIP 86005, 12.1% of workers work from home. Public transit is used by 2.1% of commuters (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

What is the poverty rate in ZIP 86005?

10.9% of the population in ZIP 86005 lives below the federal poverty line (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

What percentage of households in ZIP 86005 have broadband internet?

88.8% of households in ZIP 86005 have broadband internet access (Census ACS 5-Year 2022, retrieved Apr 30, 2026).

What is the typical home value in ZIP 86005?

The typical home value in ZIP 86005 is $726,890, up 0.7% from a year ago (Zillow Home Value Index, retrieved May 1, 2026).

Are home values rising or falling in ZIP 86005?

Home values are up 0.7% over the past year and up 47.3% over the past five years (Zillow Home Value Index, retrieved May 1, 2026).

How many businesses are in ZIP 86005?

As of 2022, 165 business establishments operated in ZIP 86005 employing 1,095 workers (Census ZIP Business Patterns, retrieved May 3, 2026).

What is the average salary in ZIP 86005?

The average annual pay across all local establishments in ZIP 86005 is $52,371, based on Census ZIP Business Patterns 2022 data (retrieved May 3, 2026).

How vulnerable is ZIP 86005 to disasters and public health emergencies?

According to the CDC Social Vulnerability Index (2022), ZIP 86005 ranks in the 35th percentile nationally for social vulnerability — a moderate vulnerability profile (retrieved May 3, 2026).

What is the biggest vulnerability factor in ZIP 86005?

Racial & Ethnic Minority Status is the highest-scoring CDC SVI theme for ZIP 86005, ranking in the 50th percentile nationally (CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022, retrieved May 3, 2026).

How many federally declared disasters has ZIP 86005 experienced?

FEMA has recorded 24 federal disaster declarations affecting ZIP 86005 between 1970–2022 (FEMA OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations, retrieved May 3, 2026).

What kinds of disasters most often hit ZIP 86005?

Fire is the most common federally declared disaster type affecting ZIP 86005, accounting for 11 of 24 declarations (46%, FEMA OpenFEMA, retrieved May 3, 2026).

What was the most recent disaster declared for ZIP 86005?

The most recent FEMA disaster declaration affecting ZIP 86005 was "PIPELINE FIRE" — a fire declared in 2022 (DR-5441) (FEMA OpenFEMA, retrieved May 3, 2026).

What colleges are near ZIP 86005?

4 colleges and universities are listed near ZIP 86005 by the U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard, including Coconino Community College, Northern Arizona University, and Northland Pioneer College (retrieved May 2, 2026).

What is the average tuition at colleges near ZIP 86005?

Median in-state tuition across 4 nearby institutions is $5,444 (College Scorecard, retrieved May 2, 2026).

What do graduates earn from colleges near ZIP 86005?

Graduates of nearby colleges earn a median of $40,420 ten years after entry (College Scorecard, retrieved May 2, 2026).

What is the climate like in ZIP 86005?

ZIP 86005 has an average annual temperature of 46.8°F and 20.5" of annual precipitation based on the FLAGSTAFF PULLIAM AP, AZ US weather station 4.7 miles from the ZIP centroid (NOAA 1991–2020 Climate Normals, retrieved May 8, 2026).

Does ZIP 86005 have public transit?

Yes — ZIP 86005 is part of the Flagstaff, AZ urbanized area, primarily served by Northern Arizona Intergovernmental Public Transportation Authority (National Transit Database 2024, retrieved May 4, 2026).

What taxes apply in ZIP 86005?

Arizona has a graduated income tax with a top rate of unspecified. Combined sales tax: 8.52% (Tax Foundation 2025).

Does Arizona have paid family leave?

Arizona has no state paid family leave program (Bipartisan Policy Center 2026).

What data is available for ZIP 86005?

This page covers health outcomes from CDC PLACES (40 metrics), school information from NCES CCD (3 schools), demographics from the Census ACS 5-Year (2022), home values from the Zillow Home Value Index, colleges from the U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard (4 institutions), local business & employment from Census ZIP Business Patterns (2022), social vulnerability scores from the CDC/ATSDR SVI (2022), federal disaster declarations from FEMA OpenFEMA (24 on record), climate normals from NOAA NCEI (1991-2020), public transit coverage from the National Transit Database (2024), and state-level tax rates from the Tax Foundation. Data is refreshed on Mubboo's standard schedule.

How current is this data?

Health data retrieved Apr 24, 2026 from CDC PLACES. School data retrieved Apr 27, 2026 from NCES CCD. Demographics retrieved Apr 30, 2026 from Census ACS 5-Year (2022). Home values retrieved May 1, 2026 from Zillow Research. College data retrieved May 2, 2026 from U.S. Dept of Education College Scorecard. Business & employment retrieved May 3, 2026 from Census ZBP (2022). Social vulnerability scores retrieved May 3, 2026 from CDC/ATSDR SVI (2022). Federal disaster declarations retrieved May 3, 2026 from FEMA OpenFEMA (24 on record). Climate normals retrieved May 8, 2026 from NOAA NCEI (1991-2020). Transit coverage retrieved May 4, 2026 from the National Transit Database (2024). State-level tax rates retrieved 2026-05-05 15:58:22.284+00 from the Tax Foundation.

Other ZIPs near 86005

Nearby ZIPs by distance

86011 (Flagstaff, 7.3 mi) · 86017 (Munds Park, 10.7 mi) · 86038 (Mormon Lake, 14.3 mi) · 86015 (Bellemont, 14.4 mi) · 86336 (Oak Creek Canyon, 19.8 mi) · 86001 (Fort Valley, 20.5 mi)

Compare ZIP-level stats — population, schools, housing, climate — across nearby areas. Source: U.S. Census Bureau ZCTA basemap.

More Info topics

Have a specific question about ZIP 86005?

Ask Mubboo — launching Q4 2026.

By Mubboo Editorial Team

Last reviewed Apr 24, 2026


Data sources

This page observes HIPAA and FERPA by surfacing only aggregate, de-identified federal datasets. Individual records are never displayed.

Mubboo may earn commissions from partner links. This does not affect our editorial independence.

Data refreshed via Mubboo's ETL pipeline; oldest source on this page retrieved Apr 24, 2026.